Self Awareness as a Component of Emotional Intelligence

I came to understand self awareness as recognition of our personality, our strengths and weaknesses, our likes and dislikes. Our ability to know ourselves inside out gives us media to be proactive, we know our weaknesses which naturally make us reactive but by being able to identify them, we can work on them and incorporate proactiveness in our dealings. Self awareness which is a personal competence is different from the other of its kind called â€Å"self regulation† because the latter has to do with self control, trustworthiness, conscientiousness, adaptability and innovativeness.Also it differs from the social competences which include empathy and social skill, while empathy is about developing others, being service orientated and cross cultural sensitivity. Social skill cuts across the ability to make influence, conflict management, cooperation and team work. Often times our self awareness can be a pre-requisite for effective communication, building relationships as well a s developing empathy for others, thus making â€Å"self awareness† the main pillar amongst the components of emotional intelligence.A person with excellent self awareness can discover that his ability to relate and communicate in the proper way with people in the morning is never the best; this is because he makes rude and derogatory statements without actually weighing it properly in his mind. Fully acknowledging this, he will be proactive by seeking solutions. The solution can either be scheduling the time he really meet people to be at a time he is fully conscious with his brain working efficiently. He can also deal with the root cause of why he pisses people off in the morning.In improving your self awareness, it is important to note the following, although self awareness can be in-born, it could also be learnt, the process of learning requires time, motivation to change, persistent practice and feed back. This is because no success can be achieved in life without desire and effort. The first skill to learn in developing self awareness is to â€Å"recognize and manage your emotion† it is important to be aware of your emotions and how they influence your thoughts and actions.This is because even if we deny them, we can’t eliminate them, they are still there whether we are aware of them or not. Unfortunately without self awareness we are not able to fully understand our own motivations and needs or to communicate effectively with others. The second skill to learn is â€Å"rapidly reducing stress†. When we’re under high levels of stress, rational thinking and decision making go out of the window. Being able to manage stress in the moment is the key to resilience. Self awareness helps us stay focused and in control-no matter what challenges you face.The third skill to learn is how to use humour to deal with challenges and conflicts, a good sense of humour is an antidote to difficulties. They lighten our burden and help us kee p things in perspective. The belief that learning emotional intelligence was learnt in group is false, rather an individual approach with the help of a coach should be employed. Also the neuro-transmitters of the limbic system and not the neocortex should be targeted when learning, finally it should be known that self awareness can not be learnt by mere reading about it without dedicated practical efforts.

Case Treetop Forest Products Essay

Identification (20%) Facts, assumptions and problem identification Building-grade lumber industry is competitive and product being sold is not differential; only differentiation is due to product packaging and presentation. Product packaging is biggest factor when buyers are making a purchasing decision between buying from Treetop or competitors. Over the last 2 years, Treetop has declined in ratings for package of lumber products as a result lost customers to competitors . Treetop has six departments: boom, sawmill, planer, packaging, shipping, and maintenance. All other departments have a supervisor; however, packaging department does not have one designated supervisor. Possible solution is to convert one of the workers to supervisor, or dedicate a supervisor 100% of the time to packaging To solve the issue supervisor from sawmill and planer deparments cover the shifts. Due to distance between sawmill and planing divisions, the supervisors are unable given full attention to the operations of the packaging division. (assumption) Distance cause the supervisor to visit the departments not as often as they should. Productivity in 3 divisions remained constant, Sawmill and planing division productivity increased; however, productivity decreased in packaging department and caused the following: Stockpile up Risk of damaged stock increased the inventory cost Cost Competitiveness suffered due to management placing additional employees from other divisions to solve the backlog issue faced by packaging department. Packaging department run two shifts – morning and afternoon Productivity level of afternoon shifts is less than morning shift employees Reason behind the decreased in productivity level in the department is due to following: Employees takes extended lunch and coffee breaks Leave few min early, specially afternoon shift Reallocation of temporary employees from different productive departments also follow the same practise after being in the packaging department for few days. Based on the case facts, organizational effectiveness and productivity is being effected by the in place practises of Packaging  Department. Following two major problems should be resolved to overcome the issues faced by Treetop: Packaging department’s employees are effecting the working habits of other department employees. Department wide meeting communicating the company values, performance issues of packaging department, statististics proving decline in packaging, and initiatives to stop extended lunches, coffee breaks, leaving few minutes early especially in afternoon shift Produce daily backlog reports showing increase in backlog and spoilage statistics. Use negative consequences (firing), within union contract. and positive rewards based on production and quality targets being met. Methods and implementation of rewards can be determined by using Nominal Group Technique (variation of brain storming)- 1)silently and independently document their ideas, 2)collectively describe ideas to other team members without critique, and 3)silently ad independently evaluate the ideas presented Packaging division does not have a supervisor to oversee the operation on daily bases. This needs to change immediately. If costs can’t be justified, perhaps  ½ time position added, that also is in production the other half , or Bal Resolving the issues The packaging department is mostly at fault for majority of the Treetop Forest Productions Ltd recent decline of organisational success, not only are the packaging employees at fault, but also management for not monitoring the situation more effectively. It’s vital for Treetop Forest Products to improve and maintain their competitive edge within the building grade timber industry to ensure future success of the organisation. If solutions are not implemented immediately, the success of the organisation will continue to decline, placing Treetop Forest Productions Ltd in an unfavourable position where recovery may be implausible. Tackling the major issues illustrated within the packaging department will commence a strong positive path towards the future success of the organisation, placing them in a competitive position once again. There are possible solutions that can assist with effectively and efficiently dealing with this issue. Firstly, supervision and leadership needs a major  improvement within the packaging sector. As illustrated within all other fully supervised departments, work is completed efficiently and to a high quality standard. By providing packaging employees with the same supervision and leadership, near guarantees a positive change within the packaging department. Employing a leader with a with a transformational approach to leadership concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards and long term goals will help to improve the work ethic within the packaging department. A supervisor with transformational leadership involves an exceptional form of influence that moves followers to accomplish more that what is usually expected of them. Furthermore, by introducing a new leader, costs will decrease due to supervised workers and the decrease of overtime; it can be implemented quickly, improv e productivity and increase the equity of work. As also explained within the issues of the packaging department, there is a lack of employee motivation. This is demonstrated through the low quality of work produced, longer breaks and early finishing times. Its important for managers to understand that each and every individual employee will have a set of drives, needs, decisions and behaviours to be motivated. By following the below diagram, Treetop Forest Products managers can use this to understand different emotional responses and resulting needs in the same situation. promote group cohesiveness and a pleasant working environment. In the short term, upper management could host a meeting or assembly between all departments to make them feel interrelated and important to the company. This could be a great motivation for the employees. In the long term, group evaluations could be necessary to measure the group’s performance and to see if the actions taken are resolving the problems. supervisor of the department. Learned Needs Theory: The Learned Needs Theory has three â€Å"learned needs† that can be defined as the â€Å"Need for Achievement†, â€Å"Need for Power†, and the â€Å"Need for Affiliation†. A need is amplified or suppressed through self-concept, social norms, and past  experiences (Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc., 2002), although needs can also be learned through training whether it be strengthening or weakening the need. The members of the packaging department could have been more aware of their needs whether it is affiliation, power, or achievement and if they were more aware of what was there, there could have been more motivation on the part of the members to excel. Also, with the appointment of an actual supervisor, instead of taking them from other departments, it could have ensured that these needs be amplified through some forms of friendly competition or rewards. The â€Å"Need for Power† is stated as the need to make an impact on others, influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life. If this need was taught to the members of the packaging department by the supervisors of the other departments, there could be a chance someone internally would strive so much for the need of power that he or she would emerge as the leader in a department with a declining productivity level. Having the ability to control others is a very powerful characteristic which everyone strives for internally, so if this need was brought forward by executives there would be an increase in competition and drive between the members to claim that position of hierarchy in the department. The â€Å"Need for Achievement† is the need and desire for excellence, competition, challenging goals, and overcoming difficulties. With the simple action as a reward put forth throughout the company internally that the employees of each section could enjoy, it could ignite an employee’s need for achievement and desire for excellence which in turn could ignite the competition in every employee to achieve success like his or her fellow employee has. People strive for recognition and success and if this need was amplified in the employees who have made it clear that they want to enjoy the benefits that come from a high productivity level, and brought out of those who believe that they don’t need success, Treetop Forest Products could internally enjoy success of their own making their business profit at its maximum rate. The â€Å"Need for Affiliation† is defined as the need for individuals maintain close, intimate relationships, or approval of other people. If Treetop Forest Products could bring out this need in the packaging department by showing them how the other departments in the company get along which in turn brings the productivity level up within the  department. Although, the employees of the packaging do well of getting along with each other by performing bad habits such as leaving early or extending their breaks, if that could be  transformed through the training of good habits such as exceeding expected productivity levels and working hard, the affiliation that is present now could be that much stronger and emphasized in the department. Also, in addition to affiliation within the department, there is also the possibility with the rise of productivity level and affiliation within the The team has strong cohesion, but needs to be turned around. (employees transferred are confor ming to the team norms of lack of punctuality)† Norms are the informal rules and shared expectations that groups establish to regulate the bahavour of their members.† Padge 225 chapter 8 Canadian Org Behaviour . It has to be set as a rethink to the department and communicating the new norms and aligning the norms with the company goals and objectives is critical. Through these simple needs that can be taught or learned, Treetop Forest Products could experience not only success from their five already successful departments but from the packaging department as well. If amplified the packaging department would benefit from the affiliation they would gain from the other departments, the power that employees could possibly gain with the increase of productivity via promotions or recognition, and the rewards that the employees of the packaging could gain through increased productivity levels. If Treetop Forest Products were to implicate these two simple theories there is a possibility that the packaging department would no longer be a harmful unit but instead an asset that Treetop can rely on. Through the Situational Leadership Theory, Treetop has the opportunity to find a leader that can adapt to the group and individuals and convert the now declining productivity level of the packaging department to an increasing level of productivity like the f ive other departments in the company. With the Learned Needs Theory, Treetop has the ability to install the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation to the packaging department to encourage friendly competition between the employees while still steadily increasing the productivity levels of the  department. Conclusion: Treetop Forest Products and Westboard Co have been suffering the consequences of the lackluster performance from their packaging department since there is no authority figure to keep the employees on task and working hard to produce sellable products for Westboard. With the packaging department not having their own supervisor, Treetop has appointed the supervisors of the sawmill and planing department as the supervisors of the packaging department during their shifts. With the packaging department being in a different location then the sawmill and planing department, it has caused the supervisors to make the packaging department an afterthought and with the productivity levels of the packaging department decreasing it has shown. After evaluating the case of Treetop Forest Product and the issues with their packaging department, they have been using the Contingency Theory which states that there is no one best way of leading and that a leadership style that is effective in some situations may not be successful in others and that while a leader may be very effective at one place and point in time may become unsuccessful either when transplanted to another situation or when factors around t hem change. This was clear in the case of Treetop Forest Product’s case because  although the leaders were very effective with their own departments, increasing the productivity levels of their respective departments, when transferred over to the packaging department their effectiveness did not follow. Each leader has their own key characteristics that play a major part in how they lead, whether it is their personality, drive, emotional intelligence, self-concept, etc. so what may be high and effective in one leader and his or her department may not be high and effective in a different department’s leader. Since the sawmill and planing departments were so successful when implanted into a failing department, the situation as well as the effectiveness of the leader changed. Instead of the Contingency Theory, there were others that if Treetop were to implement it could have made the productivity level of the packaging department go up while creating a better atmosphere within the company. If Treetop were to take the leader who was most able to conform his or her leadership style to that of the packaging department instead of just taking the top two  departments supervisors without considering the important variables such as distance and drive, Treetop could have improved the situation within the packaging department. With these simple changes to the company, Treetop could have quite easily changed the atmosphere and effectiveness of the packaging department to better the profits and trust gained from Westboard. If Treetop were to dedicate an individual supervisor based on performance and authoritative qualities within the department instead of having an external employee take on the responsibility of turning the packaging department around, the chances of increasing the productivity level of the packaging department would increase which would not only benefit the department but Treetop Forest Products and Westboard Co. respectively.

Family Environment and Delinquency Essay

When a child loses a parent through death, desertion, divorce, or long separation, some form of deprivation is bound to result. Where, as is generally the case, the male parent is missing, the child is placed under an obvious economic handicap. Absence of either parent may also cause a certain affectional loss for the child. In addition, the complementary control, example, and guidance given by both parents are wanting and complete socialization of the child is rendered more difficult. At the death of a parent no cultural opposition is imposed upon the situation. Rather, social and economic assistance both public and private is readily forthcoming. Furthermore, the acquisition of a stepparent through remarriage of the remaining parent may even reestablish something of a family norm for the bereaved child. But, in cases of desertion and divorce (and illegitimacy) we have an entirely different set of circumstances. Here we frequently find the child exposed to a highly emotionalized atmosphere of discontent and discord. The child most often remains with the mother only, financial support may be withheld by the father, or the parents may fight over the child’s custody. In case of desertion no new father may legally become part of the child’s home. And the subtle challenge of public disapproval of the family situation and the psychological impact of a seeming rejection by one’s parents may becloud the child’s outlook. Divorce in many cases is indeed simply a formal recognition or acknowledgement of an already socially broken home, and it is generally appreciated that the home in constant discord might cause the child more harm than if the parental relationship were severed. Such reasoning has merit, but, interestingly enough, this argument has been used to justify divorce rather than to plead for the rehabilitation or prevention of unhappy families. Such a viewpoint, it should also be noted, contradicts another social philosophy which holds that even a bad home is better than no home at all for the child. There are many varieties of broken homes and many correspondingly different kinds of family relationships involved. Even the social disparateness in family structure which results from long-term hospitalization, military service, or employment of the breadwinner away from home, may bring about some serious consequences for the members of a family. On the other hand, the conventional family structure may cloak a host of baneful influences or situations harmful to a child’s wholesome development. To say it in another way, all broken homes are not bad ones, and all conventional types are not good ones. This article is not concerned with a delineation of all possible types of homes and their effect on children, but rather it is restricted to a consideration of the more evident types of broken homes as they relate to children who are apprehended for committing delinquent acts. With the establishment of juvenile courts in the United States around 1900 and the compilation of social statistics on youth who were brought before these courts, observers were struck by the high proportion–40 to 50 percent–of all delinquent children who came from broken homes. Since it was far beyond normal expectancy that such a proportion of all youth was similarly disadvantaged, early writers saw broken homes to be an important, if not the greatest single proximate (causal) factor in understanding juvenile delinquency. There was no denial that the broken home was only one of a number of factors to take into account and that the age of the child and the quality of the home life, as well as the mere fact of a break, were important. A number of studies have shown, however, that abnormal or defective family relationships are much more prevalent among families of delinquent children than among families of comparable children who do not become delinquent. This aspect of the matter is a subject unto itself. Not counting the statistical tabulations of many juvenile courts over the years, dozens of studies have been made which deal with the broken home and juvenile delinquency or crime. Some of the early studies attempted to estimate the proportion of broken homes in the population at large from existing census data, to use for a comparison with their special groups of delinquent or institutionalized children. A common conclusion was that delinquent children had about twice the proportion of broken homes as did children in the general population. A few comparisons were made of boys in the same school or city area, revealing a greater prevalence of broken homes among the delinquent group; while one such comparison of several groups of children in 1918 suggested that more orphans were found in the delinquent group. The first major attempt at a controlled comparison was made by Slawson in 1923, using delinquent boys in four state institutions and boys in three New York City public schools, from which he concluded that there were over twice as many broken homes in his delinquent group.6 Concurrently, in England, Cyril Burt analyzed a group of misbehaving (â€Å"delinquent†) children and public school children of the same age and social class. Although his classification of â€Å"defective family relationships† included other factors besides the broken home, he, too, found the problem children to be doubly disfavored. And, in 1929, Mabel Elliott compared the family structure of her group of Sleighton Farm girls mostly sex offenders with that of a group of Philadelphia working-class continuation school girls, revealing the respective proportions of broken homes to be 52 and 22 percent. Even greater refinement was introduced into the question by Shaw and McKay when they compared boys against whom official delinquency petitions were filed in the juvenile court of Chicago in 1929, with other boys drawn from the public school population of the same city areas. They found that a rather high proportion (29 percent) of the school boys 10 to 17 years of age came from broken homes. After the school population data were carefully adjusted statistically for age and ethnic composition to make them comparable with the delinquent group, the proportion of broken homes rose to 36.1 percent for the school group, as compared to 42.5 percent for the delinquent boys. This result, as Shaw and McKay interpreted it, â€Å"suggests that the broken home, as such, is not an important factor in the case of delinquent boys in the Cook County juvenile court,† while other writers further interpreted the findings as showing that broken homes generally are â€Å"relatively insignificant in relation to delinquency.† Even accepting the above figures for Chicago, mathematical exception has been taken to such interpretations. From an over-all viewpoint it is well to remember that a large proportion of children from broken homes do not become delinquent, but this hardly refutes the inescapable fact that more children from broken homes, as compared to unbroken homes, become delinquent. Even among families having delinquents, siblings are more often delinquent in the broken family group. For the social analyst, the broken home may be regarded either as a symptom or as a consequence of a larger process, but for the child it becomes a social fact with which he has to abide. In a very real sense the abnormal structure of his family may impede his own normal adjustment and in some cases may bring him into conflict with the requirements of the larger society, more so than if he were surrounded by a conventional family milieu. That so many children surpass this handicap is an exemplification of their own resilience and a demonstration of the presence of other forces acting towards the child’s socialization in the community, rather than a proof of the unimportance of normal family life in the development of norms of conduct or the unimportance of the handicaps experienced by me child in the broken home. In former years when divorce was less common and desertion less apparent perhaps, broken homes were probably thought to be largely a result of the death of a parent. The material and other losses to such children may not have been readily perceived. How such a simple event as death could wreak enduring havoc with the child’s development was difficult to discern. Hence, disbelief in the importance of orphan hood as to delinquency causation, coupled with the very unsatisfactory nature of the early studies, no doubt led some sociologists to take exception to the prevailing beliefs and to question the whole relationship. A convergence of information from the other disciplines as to the deleterious effects of divorce and desertion or family separations upon the child, as well as a psychological appreciation of the different nature of these types of family disruption, brought a more unanimous acknowledgment of the importance of the socially broken home. In some quarters the recent â€Å"wave† of delinquency has been interpreted to be a result of the growth of divorce and separation. However, information on the particular family relationships of children in the community and those who become delinquent are generally lacking. We know that over the past 50 years there has been a lessening of orphan hood through improvement in life expectancy, and an upward rise in family dissolutions through desertion and divorce, until now there seems to have been a reversal in the relative importance of the two factors of death and social discord in the breaking up of a child’s family. Oddly enough, in spite of the change in the nature of broken homes the high over-all proportion of delinquent children from broken homes apparently has not changed significantly. One large minority in the population consistently shows twice the average rate of socially broken homes and twice the average rate of delinquency. Other groups with strong family cohesiveness show below average rates of delinquency. Such apparent associations cannot be dismissed as happenstance. On the whole very little disagreement has been expressed over the probable harmful influence of the socially broken home on the child. This does not gainsay, however, the deprivation consequent to the loss of a parent through death. Indeed, the same high proportions of delinquents were found to come from broken homes more than a generation ago when orphan hood loomed larger as the reason for family disruption. Of even more importance to the child than the nature of the break is the fact of a break in his home. All in all, the stability and continuity of family life stands out as a most important factor in the development of the child. It would seem, therefore, that the place of the home in the genesis of normal or delinquent patterns of behavior should receive greater practical recognition. The relationship is so strong that, if ways could be found to do it, a strengthening and preserving of family life, among the groups which need it most, could probably accomplish more in the amelioration and prevention of delinquency and other problems than any other single program yet devised. If delinquency is more likely to occur in a disorganized family than in a â€Å"normal† one, the family situation may somehow create the delinquency. But how? Perhaps a disorganized family tends to produce children with sick personalities, and sick personalities have unusual difficulty conforming to social rules. On some such assumptions consensus appeared possible on the causal connection between family disorganization and delinquency. Then Shaw and McKay suggested, after a comparison of the incidence of broken homes among Chicago schoolboys and male juvenile delinquents, â€Å". . . That the broken home as such [does not seem to be] a significant causal factor in cases of delinquent boys brought before Cook County Juvenile Court.† To many, this study seemed to imply that the family, an institution so important in the socialization process, was irrelevant to delinquency. The authors of the study did not draw so radical an inference from their data. Although the formal break in the family may not in itself be an important determining factor, it is probable that the conflicts, tensions, and attitudes which precipitate the disorganization may contribute materially to the development of the delinquency and the personality problems of the child. The actual divorce or separation of the parents may not be so important a factor in the life of the child as the emotional conflicts which have resulted in the break in the family relationships.

Gender issues in asian traditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gender issues in asian traditions - Essay Example The Confucians viewed the cosmic order as â€Å"life-giving, relational, and harmonious in the interaction of its parts† and this gratitude for life was visible in their worship of the ancestors (Kelleher 137). Even though Confucianism considered family life and marriage as sacred, relationships, for the Confucians, were hierarchical in nature. As Kelleher points out parents, rulers, husbands and older siblings enjoyed higher social positions whereas the positions of children, subjects, wives and younger siblings were inferior(Kelleher 138). Wives needed to remain submissive to their husbands. The role of women was identified with the earth: Confucianism held that â€Å"the position of women in the human order should be lowly and inferior like the earth, and that the proper behaviour for a woman was to be yielding and weak, passive and still like the earth† (Kelleher 140). In the same way, one can also find similar passive and submissive roles attributed to women in Hin duism. As Young suggests, the role of women and their rituals during this period was limited to maintaining ‘social and cosmic order’. Even though the Vedic women’s role was esteemed as wife and mother, she had to remain as a silent partner in the Vedic rituals. The husband’s role was much prominent as he was the patriarchal head of the family. In Confucianism and Hinduism women were subject to certain codes of conduct. The role of women in Confucianism was very often limited to the family whereas the role played by men was viewed in the wider social-political order. Women were subject to three types of obedience in the family structure: â€Å"as a daughter she was subject to her father; as a wife, to her husband; and when older, to her son† (Kelleher 140). Another crippling factor that restricted woman’s active role was her lack of education. While boys had formal education in history and the classics, girls had to remain at

School Counselor Self Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School Counselor Self Assessment - Essay Example Much attention though is directed to students with special needs as they will require special attention, like special education, services while in school and assessment which is essential to their management and treatment. School Counselors Counselors work in different society settings and are intended to provide various counseling services and support. Counselors are majorly given the challenge with adolescents, children, and adults and families with various issues like health regarding mental state namely addiction and other mental disorders. Counselors must identify the various issues so that they can offer the suitable counseling and support to their clients. School counselors should at all level assist students to know how to deal with their social problems, their actions and how to manage personal problems (Trolley et al., 2009). Counselors put emphasis on preventive measures in counseling so that students enhance their academic, social and personal growth and this offers these students with skills they need in life so that they can manage their troubles before they come to the worse. The student counselors also provide services that are unique like offering programs on prevention of alcohol and drugs. They identify domestic cases like abuse and other problems revolving in the family which may interfere with the development of the student. Their interaction with students can be done at an individual level, manageable groups or even the whole class. For the success of the students, the counselors discuss with parents and work together with them so that support is given to students. They also collaborate with the administrators of the school, medical workers, psychologists and social staff. A good counselor must have a strong personal attitude whereby he must know how to relate with different people because people are not equal and; therefore, he must be able to accommodate different people with patience. This will depend on his interpersonal skills whereby people should be handled as individual and not as a group (Trolley et al., 2009). Special Education Special education is a preventative intended to manage small troubles from being a disability. The remedy used is intended to reduce the disability effects. Special education is intended to congregate the distinctive needs of children who have a disability. Through this, special education offers extra services, maintenance, programs, environments and places that are special so that all the needs for students are taken care of. The services offered in special education make students qualify while parents do not feel any cost. The number of students who have special needs is many, and their wishes are addressed via special education. The support varies on the basis of the need and the educational influence. Typically, the students with disabilities are recognized in the law within the special education. Students who qualify in this category require a lot of support, which extends beyon d what a normal student is offered in a regular school (Smith and Tyler, 2010). The special education has a goal of ensuring that students with special needs obtain education and get accessed to the curriculum as much as possible. All students, therefore, are required to access education so that they can manage to achieve their potential. If a child is suspected to be in need of exceptional education support, then the school exceptional educa

America's intervention in World Wars Term Paper

America's intervention in World Wars - Term Paper Example This is because America considers herself as a perfect nation as far as the ideals are concerned. She propagates democracy which contains freedom of speech and freedom of press and the like, and heavily promotes human rights. America sees herself as a country that can end all the evils in the world, or at least that is how she presents it to the world. Therefore, when America saw in the First and Second World War that democracy was being threatened then she considered it as her duty and responsibility to protect it and thus intervened in the war on the side of Britain and France. Treaty of Westphalia that laid the foundation of modern state system outlined that no country can intervene in another countries’ issues. This is because any country that is sovereign and that is independent, has right to make laws and implement them in their own way unless that country asks for help from outside. America is a superpower and superpower is not a stand-alone thing. This power comes from her internal competency, which ranges from education to military and to governance. For a superpower to have a say in the world matters, it is important that she builds friendly ties with as many influential countries as possible. This is exactly what was seen in both the world wars that America intervened because she had stakes in the country she allied with. This is not to say that America did not have stakes in Germany. Germany was a big market and in the beginning America started off with selling arms and ammunition to both the sides in the war. However, the public sentiments turned more towards the Allies and thus US parted with Britain and France in both the World Wars (Hargreaves, p. 17). Balance of Power is an important concept in International relations. No matter how big and powerful a country is but if it does not have enough allies, then it can prove to be a great threat to that country. This is because even the smallest country in the world can come up and confront a b ig and powerful country with the help of powerful and influential ally or allies. Therefore, it was seen in both the world wars that the US sided with France and Britain because America saw these countries as great colonial powers and more stable than Germany. This way, America knew that siding with Britain and France would bring the country greater favours in return (Sheehan, p. 1). World War I and World War II – A Background America has always been the greatest supporters of democracy and capitalism. Not only she has been a supporter, but she has made every effort to fight against every power that comes to compete against democracy. This case was seen in both the world wars. America did not have any direct stakes in the war, but she joined both the wars because not joining them would have been a threat to democracy. In the First World War, this threat to democracy was dictatorship. Similarly, in the Second World War the threat to democracy was Nazism, Fascism and the quickl y spreading communism. America has always shown herself as an isolationist, but she indirectly helped Britain and France in both the wars due to her vestigial interests in those countries (Sheehan, pp. 11-13). First World War started because of the assassination of Austria-Hungary’s crowned Prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serb national and Germany got involved in it because of his support to Austria-Hungary. America maintained her policy of isolation from the start of the war in 1914

The CAGE and AAA Models as the Drivers of Globalization Essay - 3

The CAGE and AAA Models as the Drivers of Globalization - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that globalization, in the business sector, is widening. More and more companies, in the recent days, have either gone global or are contemplating on doing so. The reason as to why a company needs to globalize its dealings are still unclear to most, but they believe that more the company spreads its branches internationally the better. Globalisation comes with its challenges though. Being an international business entails a myriad of issues. It is in this connection that various frameworks and models have been formulated to give insight on what is required successfully to establish an international business. Nokia, BOEING, Renault, FedEx, Virgin Group and Vodafone are perfect examples of successful international companies. Nokia, for instance, is a handset manufacturing company, whose products are sold in over 150 countries. The company earns an estimated annual income of 38 billion sterling pounds. In India, Nokia is the largest multinatio nal company, yet the company is located in Finland. Nokia employed a cost leadership technique in India, to look for various ways of cutting cost and making their products readily available. These involved setting up manufacturing stations for handsets, creating financial options for mobile phones and together with network providers to reduce airtime cost. Nokia also created the distribution network that attracted over 25000 dealers, this was three times the size of Samsung and six times the six that of Sony Ericsson. Moreover, Nokia considered working with distributors of fast moving consumer goods and consumer durables. This enabled their products to be readily available to consumers on the market, thus explaining their dominance in India. Nokia operates in the telephone and communications industry. Globalisation has a played a notable role in this type of industry. Companies are monopolizing their dealing, and this has substantially led to globalization. Large telecommunication c ompanies have taken over this industry and hence denying the smaller companies a chance to develop. The local companies are faced with stiff competition from these multinationals making them pull out of business. According to the CAGE and AAA frameworks, this kills local entrepreneurial spirits and increases dependence on the advanced nations. However, globalization has led to improved services in the telecommunication sector. Large organizations have sufficient capital, hence, investing in expensive networks that are of highly rated. The networks provide faster transfer of quality sound and videos, which are convenient for subscribers. The success of any multinational company depends on the strategies they decide to adopt. A proper framework gives the business guidelines, which could enable it to attain multinationalism. Some of the most popular frameworks include the CAGE distance framework, AAA model, Adding Value and Drivers of Globalization. CAGE distance framework considers th e cultural, administrative, geographical, as well as economic differences, and factors when selecting the countries a company should address when crafting international strategies. This framework was formulated by Pankaj Ghemawat, a business professor, in Spain, at the IESE Business School. The framework links interactions between countries to their national incomes divided by some composite measure of distance. Cultural distance, in this case, refers to the difference in languages, ethnicities, religion, values, norms, and dispositions of a particular nation. Companies should use the CAGE distance framework as it includes both bilateral and unilateral factors. It is also more practical than other frameworks due to some of its aspects.

World War I and the Economic Impact on the United States Essay

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Final EX Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Discusses the nature of contemporary societal problems in general and Essay

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Critical Thinking in Homeland Security Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking in Homeland Security Essay Critical Thinking in Homeland Security Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Homeland Security is an essential part of the security organs that are very crucial in ensuring the protection of the country’s sovereignty. Just as other nations in the world, United States faces significant threats from the external and internal factors. The US established Homeland Security Department in 2003, in an effort to address the external threats and aggression like the September 11 terrorist attacks (Pruitt, 2003, â€Å"The 9/11 Commission,† 2005). Therefore, the main objective of the department is to prevent terrorist attacks in the US. Additionally, the department has to minimize the exposure of the nation to terrorism and minimizing the injuries that results from the attacks, if attacks occur.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To achieve its mandate the department applies several skills. These skills are aimed at determining the likelihood of a threat and establishing the credibility of the threat as per the information provided. Among the skills used is the critical thinking. By definition, critical thinking refers to the ability by the department personnel to make clear, rational judgments (Paul Elder, 2009). This means that the decisions regarding security should be arrived through a well thought out processes (Pruitt, 2003). Critical thinking under homeland security focuses on crucial elements of thought and asking the relevant questions. This means that the department has to evaluate every piece of evidence at their disposal in order to develop appropriate security solutions to the country. The discussion put forward below will aim at establishing what critical thinking method model is appropriate for the decision-making within the structures of homeland s ecurity (â€Å"The 9/11 Commission,† 2005). The reason behind this inquiry is highly dependent on the fact that there are different critical thinking models. These models are very useful in the since they help to find the best and effective solution in homeland parameter. However, different models offer different results. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The September 11 attack brought about unprecedented need for good, efficient and effective security apparatus. With the introduction of the Homeland Security Department, the country was placed at a position to deal with the terrorism threats. The terrorism activities are currently very dynamic and in return there is a need for the solutions that might meet these challenges (Pruitt, 2003). As a consequence, the homeland security personnel is require to meet the ever rising need for increased demand of the security services as well as meeting the high placed accountability standards. To achieve these requirements they have to learn to become highly skilled in their level of thinking, as well as reasoning abilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fundamental reason for the need to improve skills is that the employees have to analyze all the massive information, understand it, identify the problems and offer solution (Paul Elder, 2009). However, the processing of this massive information comes against the race of time. Homeland security department has to make timely decision that would help to preempt any threats that may arise or control the already existing threats (Pruitt, 2003). Additionally, the strategies employed by the terrorist are changing day in day out, and as well these changes must be encompassed in the decision which the department is undertaking. For instance, before the September 11 attack, the defense apparatus restricted themselves to biological and chemical threats. Moreover, the use of airplane as a tool to carry out terrorism strikes was covered by defense agencies like the Pentagon (â€Å"The 9/11 Commission,† 2005). On the other hand, the threat o f airplane strike was not addressed as the security agencies believed this would result to giving the terrorist an additional tool to their disposal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The example about the use of airplane as a tool of terrorism indicates an ineffective manner of using the available information to mitigate the terrorist attacks. In this regard, critical thinking is very essential in manner in which the homeland security handles the information they acquire to handle security issues or threats (Paul Elder, 2009). This is mainly, because critical thinking offers the prediction and diagnosis analysis for security issues. Prediction depends chiefly on the ability of the security organs to be able to think ahead. Thinking ahead, as part of critical thinking, dictates that the security organs are able to establish the likely causes of terrorism and probable outcomes (Kiltz, 2009). Diagnosis means the analysis of previous threats which in turn helps to extrapolate the likely future events. In this regard, security organs are able to identify their past failures and in turn making amendments. Additionally, the organs are able to replicate past successes to the future. Best Critical Thinking Model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While understanding the importance of the critical thinking skills, there are several critical thinking models at the disposal of security organs to address any homeland security issues. It is very crucial to put a lot of emphasis on the fact that critical thinking is basic requirement for security decisions facing the country (Paul Elder, 2009). Therefore, to identify the best critical thinking model it would be prudent to learn the two factors that will play a very major role in determining the best model. Critical thinking in the context of homeland security is fundamentally dependent on the most important factor for good decision-making and the nature of the homeland security context (Browne Keeley, 2007). 1. Decision making   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Critical thinking is fundamentally aimed at arriving at appropriate decision. Every decision made or arrived at should be able to offer solution in the context of homeland security. In this light, the decision of the security apparatus should be able to effectively prevent the threats that arise as well as minimize the damages is events occur (Kiltz, 2009). Thus, critical thinking plays a pivotal role in decision-making process. On the same note, the best decision-making model is exceedingly reliant on the right questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The right question are said to be the main factor that enable effective decisions to be made in all the fields of the society, security being inclusive (Kiltz, 2009). Questions are a good guiding factor while looking for the appropriate results. One, right questions create a structure that our thinking relies upon, that is to say, right questions are essential in finding the suitable materials or information that are essential to the decision or solutions. Secondly, right questions play a vital role of determining the course of our thinking. In this regard, the right questions are crucial element of individual thinking (Kiltz, 2009). This indicates that the right questions part of the homeland security parameters, in that they would help the decision makers in this context will arrive the best solutions possible to the various security challenges. 2. The nature of homeland security   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The processes and the activities surrounding decision making in the parameters or the context of the homeland security are substantially complex. The complexity comes in two levels: one, there amount of data or information being processed is extremely large and second, there are a lot of dynamics and variables in homeland security decisions (Paul Elder, 2009). Therefore, the decision-making process has a higher requirement of exhaustive scrutiny of all the probable accompanying implications of any decision made. In addition, the scrutiny extends other available options prior or before the enforcing any decision passed. A good example relates to diversion tactics that are highly employed by terrorist (Davis, 2012). This is where a threat is identified in a particular location while in reality the actual threat is in another place. Without appropriate critical thinking capabilities, the security apparatus are expected to put enough emphasis on areas which are reported to have the threat while leaving the other places vulnerable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understanding the nature of homeland security is pegged on homeland security operations and the past failure. Past failures help to understand what part of the process failed and how efficiently and effectively did homeland rise from their falls. For instance from the example above, if the severity of a homeland security event was increased by the misjudgment stated above, in future homeland security would put all efforts at protecting all places equally while still putting emphasis on any information gathered (Paul Elder, 2009). That fact encompasses a crucial part of the critical thinking in such a security decision-making process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In effect, the most effective critical thinking model should be all-inclusive. Inclusivity means that all the available alternatives should be taken into account while simultaneously evaluating the possible outcomes associated with each likely action. The module applied is similar to a game theory model (Davis, 2012). In such a model, the homeland security is supposed to establish every strategy available to them as well as those available to the opponents, the terrorists. This would help to preempt most, if not all, of the threats posed by various terrorists groups. Therefore, every strategy has probable action, which in turn will deliver results. It would be the aim of homeland to select the most applicable strategy and take an action that would offer the best-expected outcome (Paul Elder, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For example, through information and intelligence gathering, the security organs in the United States had all the necessary, adequate and relevant information to indicate that an attack was eminent. This information was prior to the September 11 attack, which detailed the Al Qaeda plans to attack the US. This shows that the security organs had the available strategies of the opponents. However, the organs failed to select the best strategy and their actions failed to meet the required results (â€Å"The 9/11 Commission,† 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The time constraints also play a critical part in undertaking any security decision. The reason behind this is that despite the large volumes of information that need to processed, the uncertainty of when a homeland security event is likely to occur needs timely decision-making. Using the September 11 example, it can be observed that the security organs failed to meet the timely decision requirement (Kiltz, 2009). Although all the information processed indicated the likelihood of a terrorism incident in United States, no timely action was taken to preempt the threats due to the argument that the decision process was at its preliminary stage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Additionally, homeland security should be in a position to predict the opponents’ likely cause of action and also putting a lot of effort towards preventing the threats preempting the homeland actions. This is attached to diversion tactics, where the threats mature to events in places other than those indicated in the threats information. This was the strategy that was employed by the Al Qaeda to beat homeland security at their game in September 11 (â€Å"The 9/11 Commission,† 2005). Prior to the attack, the information gathered indicated that the threats were highly in United States departments and agencies that were beyond borders. The fact that overseas parts of homeland security were threatened, the homeland skewed its efforts towards the external offices and agencies. Consequently, the Al Qaeda anticipated the moves of homeland security and they counteracted by attacking the internal departments (â€Å"The 9/11 Commissi on,† 2005). Critical thinking should help to homeland security to fill all the available loopholes that may expose their operations and the country was vast. 3. Right Questions Model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As stated earlier there are several models at the disposal of the homeland security, but among them asking the right questions takes the reign. There are several factors that have heavily tilted the odds towards the right questions model of critical thinking (Browne Keeley, 2007). First, the model plays a pivotal role in addressing the various loopholes found under the nature of homeland security. For instance the failures that were capitalized by the Al Qaeda in the September 11 attack (â€Å"The 9/11 Commission,† 2005). The right questions model aims at querying all the information available. The inquisitive nature of the model allows the various security issues to be determined as well as determining the necessary conclusions. The conclusions are highly dependent on the reasoning, assumptions, and clarity of words.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are numerous benefits that accompany this essential model of right questions. To begin with the model is highly useful in offering a well detailed analysis of the decision made as well as the cause of actions undertaken. When comparing this model with the other models such as the elements of thought thinking model, right questions model outranks them all in enabling homeland to meet its objectives or targets (Browne Keeley, 2007). Furthermore, it is established that the model has other models easily inbuilt. Mainly, homeland security establishes the positive elements of the other models and encompasses them in the right questions model. As a consequence, the models offer comprehensive and well-contained solutions out of all the available alternatives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the said model is highly interactive as it offers an all rounded analysis of the various situations. The analysis is crucial in timely and effective decision-making as well as in actualization of the actions set. Additionally, the model allows homeland to identify the instances of fallacies in reasoning (â€Å"The 9/11 Commission,† 2005). Well thought out decision should not be guided by a belief, myth of misconceptions. This allows homeland security process of verification and validation of evidence to be thorough and unbiased. If some essential information is missed, the model would results to different alternatives. Right questions model bases its success on availability of possible alternatives. Therefore, the model puts a lot emphasis on the available information which helps decision makers to arrive at the best possible alternative. On the other hand, the other models have some constraints in their operations (Bro wne Keeley, 2007). For instance, the Element of Thought thinking model success is highly dependent on the emphasis given to some four aspects of decision-making. Using the Model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Several failures have been seen under the dome of homeland security. These failures are highly attributed as the indirect contributors of past events like the September 11 attacks. The right questions model can easily address these past challenges (Browne Keeley, 2007). Moreover, the model is the key to providing support to the homeland security decision-making process as well as creating and enhancing the credibility of the actions undertaken by homeland security.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The right questions model is dependent on an extensive spectral analysis. This analysis is the foundation of critical thinking. As a consequence, the right questions model helps to evaluate all the possible alternatives and their accompanying actions; which aim at getting the best possible solution. The model has been extensively used under the homeland security context to eradicate and lessen threats like the September 11 attacks. For example, prior to September 11 attacks the United States intelligence had gathered that there were several threats directed towards the United States institutions outside the country (â€Å"The 9/11 Commission,† 2005). Lack of a wider spectral analysis, the homeland security failed in its job (Browne Keeley, 2007). In dependence to the information, the homeland security strengthened the security agencies beyond borders and failed to do so with the domestic agencies. As a consequence, the Al Qaeda use d this loophole to carry out the attacks in the US soil (The 9/11 Commission, 2005). Under right questions model, an in-depth analysis would have taken place prompting homeland security to reinforce all the security agencies across the board. Such analysis would have enabled homeland security to alleviate the September 11 attacks. The alleviation would have been achieved through the fact that the homeland security would have easily identify and eliminated all the security exposures that faced the United states at large without overemphasis on the overseas institutions (Browne Keeley, 2007). The fallacies of logic resulted to this misguided conclusions. While combating the Al Qaeda in Afghanistan, there was a belief that the US turf was safe from the Al Qaeda actions. This resulted to homeland security ignoring the domestic security need for dealing with terrorism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Additionally, there were not efforts to fill the information gaps that were there before the attacks. There poor statistics since there limited activities that were undertaken by security agencies in the United States (â€Å"The 9/11 Commission,† 2005). The model selected put emphasis on identifying the missing information which in turns increases the chances of obtaining the best strategy and the appropriate cause of action to be employed. For instance, the evidence provided that an attack was imminent, but there were no prompt actions that were undertaken to mitigate these threats. Also, despite the availability of evidence that indicated that there were terrorist threats facing the US, no security actions were undertaken in time (Browne Keeley, 2007). The claims behind the lack of actions were that the decision process was still at preliminary stages, indicating the rigidity of the security operations. The selected model offers flexible and dynamic solutions to challenges. Through the right questions model, appropriate decisions would have been arrive at early enough to mitigate the threats. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Critical thinking is crucial for the undertakings of the homeland security department. This is because there are significant complexities of the decisions and accompanying actions. The critical thinking models are several but one outranks the others; the right questions model is very essential in establishing the right decisions and cause of actions. The model employs a wider spectral analysis strategy with an aim of achieving efficient, effective and timely solutions. Looking at the applicability of the model against the events of September 11 attacks the model would achieve better-desired results (â€Å"The 9/11 Commission,† 2005). References Browne, M., Keeley, S. (2007). Asking the right questions. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Davis, V. (2012). Use Critical Thinking to Overcome Personal Biases. IN Homeland Security. Retrieved 22 January 2015, from http://inhomelandsecurity.com/use-critical-thinking-to-overcome-personal-biases/ Kiltz, L. (2009). Developing Critical Thinking Skills in Homeland Security and Emergency Management Courses. Journal Of Homeland Security And Emergency Management, 6(1), 1-20. Retrieved from http://www.innovative-analytics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/DevelopingCriticalThinking.pdf Paul, R., Elder, L. (2009). The miniature guide to critical thinking. Dillon Beach, Calif.: Foundation for Critical Thinking. Pruitt, K. (2003). Modeling Homeland Security: A Value Focused Thinking Approach (1st ed., pp. 1-236). Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Department of the Air Force, Air University. Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/afit/pruitt_vft_hls.pdf The 9/11 Commission,. (2005). The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (1st ed., pp. 1-400). Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf Source document

Knowledge Discovered Or Invented Philosophy Essay

Knowledge Discovered Or Invented Philosophy Essay Ben Franklin may have discovered electricity but it is the man who invented the meter who made the money (Earl Warren). Children in school are taught that Benjamin Franklin discovered lightning and Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. Earl Warrens quote may be right, but what is meant by discovered and invented? I belief that discoveries are things independent of humans, like gravity, Pythagoras theorem, astronomy, electro-magnetic rotations etc, and inventions are man-made, like the bible, the electric motor, the internet, the airplane, and even the seedless watermelon. The areas of knowledge discussed in my essay are mathematics and ethics. I will claim that mathematics is discovered and ethics is invented, and discuss this further in my essay using examples of real-life situations. Mathematics deals with the logic of quantities, shapes, space, and structure. We could argue that maths is in invented and that we only discovered how to use it. The simple systems like simple addition e.g. 2+3=5 are used while inventing solutions to more complex problems. Since mathematicians invent these solutions, they also have the power to invent multiple solutions to get to an answer. When we for instance solve a simple quadratic equation: . We can solve it by factorizing, which gives us (x+3)(x+2), so x=-3 and x=-2, or use the quadratic formula, , and after putting the numbers into the formula (a=1, b=5, c=6), we get the answers x=-3 and x=-2, or we can even graph the function and see that it crosses the x axis at x=-3 and x=-2. We discovered that we can molt mathematics to fit our reality but we did not discover mathematics itself. The problem arises when we come across a number like à Ã¢â€š ¬, when we define the circumference of a circle we did not invent that when we have a circle with radius 1 that its circumference 3.14159265à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. . Relationships in math that were discovered by mathematicians would still be the way they were even if they were not discovered. Mathematicians did not decide that something would be the way it is. Take for example the relationship between the three sides of a right triangle, also known as Pythagoras theorem. It does not change, as humans did not make it, humans only recognized this pattern. Pythagoras theorem , first recognized in the year 530 BC by a Greek man named Pythagoras, states that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the two adjacent sides. History tells us that Pythagoras, while waiting to see Polycrates, the ruler of the city Somos, was looking at the floors square tiling. He noticed, not invented, that the area of a square straight over the diagonal is double the area of the square straight on an adjacent side. This rewords to the square of the h ypotenuse equalling to the sum of the squares on the triangles two legs. Another simple everyday example, if I have twenty apples and I give you eight, then I am left with twelve apples. Simple subtraction is also math. I do not invent that I am left with twelve apples but discover that after I give eight away I no longer have twenty. The words we created to express numbers which are used to express amounts, differ in almost every country. The verbal language in which math is expressed can be seen as invented. The concept , however, stays the same. The relationship between numbers, triangles, and apples does not change no matter how it is expressed. In Spanish I would have veinte manzanas, and after I had given you ocho manzanas I would still be left with doce manzanas. I can change the language but the relation between the apples will stay the same. We could argue that maths is in invented and that we only discovered how to use it. We discovered that we can molt mathematics to fit our reality but we did not discover mathematics itself. Ethics is not definable, is not implementable, because it is not conscious; it involves not only our thinking, but also our feeling (Valdemar V. Setzer). Ethics is different for everyone and is invented in each individuals mind; it has no authority behind it. It is self-created and self-chosen and thereby influences the way we think, act, and perceive things. Ethics involves the discussion of the way we should live our own lives, our own personal morals. Some people invent their own personal system of morals but others follow a system of morals that have been laid out by a system of morals that combine into a religion. As a Roman Catholic I have been brought up with standard morals of the Catholic Church, Catholic perspectives on abortion, stem cell division, contraception, homosexuality etc. This system of morals, invented by one man, is called the bible. The bible is a book that helps a Christian live their life in a Christian way. The New Testament clearly condemns homosexuality a s a sin, if there is a man who lies with a male as those who lie with a woman, both of them have committed a detestable act; they shall surely be put to death. Their bloodguiltness is upon them (Lev. 20:13). The belief that homosexuality is wrong is a man-made invented belief. It is also invented that the only way to repent a sin is if one asks for forgiveness and never do it again and they will according to the bible go to heaven. This could not be discovered since it is impossible for anyone that has committed a sin and asked for forgiveness to tell people at earth whether or not they actually came to heaven. And is there a heaven? Ethics is a creation that someone invents in their mind; it cannot be proven to be correct. Ethics cannot be discovered because it is a creation, which means it is new and so invented, in order for discoveries to be made they must pre-exist. Ethics deals with the good and the bad, and the right and the wrong. In our society the bad and the wrong are rar ely tolerated or accepted. The society I live in and the school I go to does not tolerate bad behavior and when I do show signs of bad behavior I discover that I get in trouble. Although it could be argued that reactions towards certain action may be invented there are certain actions, for instance: murder, which is generally not tolerated, anywhere in the world, if the whole entire world is against the murder of an innocent person is it really an invention or a discovery made that society cannot tolerate such behavior. So is it really the ethics that is invented? Or is it the society we live in that is invented and ethics are discoveries made by trial and error. With exception to some, most people would not tolerate child abuse of any form. Going back to the concepts of right and wrong, and good and bad, when we see such a thing happening we automatically judge the abuser as bad and his action as wrong. I do not think these feelings or thoughts are invented but they are discovered as our emotions get touched. Regarding the claim that some knowledge areas are invented and others are discovered, I think there is a specific reason as to why the title essay does not state which areas of knowledge are invented and which are discovered. I believe that the essay title states it very clearly, this subject matter is a topic of discussion. For each argument there is a valid counter argument. Some counter arguments might not be strong arguments but if for every argument another one is given many questions arise. Some claims can never be clarified and I believe that this is the case when discussing the areas of knowledge. I can argue as long as I want that maths is discovered but as my argument is not bulletproof there will always be an argument which will kill it.

Swimming Competitions An overview

Swimming Competitions An overview FINA is the Federation Internationale de Natation the world governing body for swimming. FINA writes the rules for Olympic-type watersport. All of the FINA sports are: pool swimming, diving, water polo, synchronized swimming, open water swimming, and masters swimming. FINA has recognized national governing bodies in each country that carry out FINAs regulations and directives, and have each country votes on membership on the FINA board. Among FINAs objectives are the promotion of swimming and the organization of world championships and other FINA competitions.   http://swimming.about.com/od/gues7/qt/FINA.htm The British Governing Body British Swimming is the National Governing Body for Swimming, Diving, Synchronized Swimming, Water Polo and Open Water in Great Britain. It is responsible internationally for the high performance representation of the sport. The members of British Swimming are the three Home Countries national governing bodies of England (ASA), Scotland (ScottishSwimming) and Wales (Swim Wales). British Swimming seeks to enable its athletes to achieve gold medal success at the Olympics, Paralympics, World Championships and Commonwealth Games http://www.swimming.org/britishswimming/about-us/about-british-swimming/about-british-swimming/1747/ Speaking about the build up to the 2012 Olympics British Swimming Chief Executive David Sparkes said: â€Å"Preparations for all of our sports are right-on-track to build on the success that the aquatics team enjoyed in Beijing and our legacy programme is also taking shape. â€Å"We are confident that we will not only see British success in the pool but we will also see swimming moving to a new level with more people swimming more often and having more fun in the pool.† Olympic History It was at the 1896 Olympics where swimming was introduced as a sport, which was held in open waters. At that time there were only two events, which were the 100 meters and the 1500 meters and only involved men competing. Following the popularity of the sport at the Olympics, more freestyle events were introduced, shortly followed by other strokes such as backstroke, butterfly, breaststroke and also the individual medley. The first time a pool was used instead of the sport taking part in open waters was at the London 1908 games where it was built inside the athletics track. It wasnt until the 1912 Olympics where women were allowed to compete in this sport and this was only due to a group of people that is now known as the international Olympic committee that made it possible. The Olympics have developed so much now that there is a total of 34 swimming races, 17 of which are for men and 17 for women. The latest event which has been added to the competition is the 10km Marathon Swim whi ch only took place for the first time at the Beijing Olympics 2008. 2012 Olympics At the 2012 Olympics in London the swimming events will take place in the newly built Aquatics centre over a period of 16 days from the 28th July to the 12th August. There will be a total of 850 athletes competing for 34 gold medals. It has been confirmed by the International Olympic committee that there is an unchanged swimming programme for the 2012 Olympics and will follow the competition schedule of that at Beijing 2008. Events Freestyle 50m freestyle men/women 100m freestyle men/women 200m freestyle men/women 400m freestyle men/women 1500m freestyle men 800m freestyle women 4x100m freestyle relay men/women 4x200m freestyle relay men/women Backstroke 100m backstroke men/women 200m backstroke men/women Breaststroke 100m breaststroke men/women 200m breaststroke men/women Butterfly 100m butterfly men/women 200m butterfly men/women Medleys 200m individual medley men/women 400m individual medley men/women 4100 medley relay women/men Marathon Marathon 10k men/women Aquatics Centre The new Aquatics centre already dubbed the ‘Wembley for swimming will play home to the swimming events, diving, synchronized swimming, water polo and the modern pentathlon for the 2012 Olympics. â€Å"The venue was designed by acclaimed international architect Zaha Hadid. It features a spectacular wave-like roof that is 160m long and up to 80m wide, giving it a longer single span than Heathrow Terminal 5.† London 2012 The aquatics centre will hold a maximum capacity of 17,500 seats for both the swimming and diving and is said to be the gateway to the whole of the Olympic park. There also plans in place for the venue to be used after the games by turning it into a permanent leisure facility for the community. ‘In legacy the Aquatics Centre will play a major role in building a more active and healthy community in the East End of London and will act as a focal point in relation to healthy activity, combating obesity and improving health British Swimming Key Athletes Michael Phelps Last Olympic Games Michael Phelps took his total to 14 gold medals which is the record for anyone competing at the Olympics. 8 of these medals came from the last Olympic Games held in Beijing where he also broke 7 world records and 1 Olympic record. This year Phelps has gone from being described as probably the best Olympic athlete ever to being scrutinised by the public for being pictured smoking a marijuana pipe. Follow this release Phelps has doubted whether he will even swim in 2012 or decide on retiring early. Phelps quotes â€Å"â€Å"Yeah, there are still goals that I have in the pool, 100 percent. But Im not going to let anything stand in my way. If I decide to walk away, Ill decide to walk away on my own terms. If its now, if its four years, who knows. But it is something I need to think about and decide what I want to do.† http://www.dailystab.com/michael-phelps-considering-dropping-out-of-2012-olympics/ If Phelps does decide to compete in the 2012 Olympics it will be interesting to see how he bounces back from this and whether he can live up to the expectations people put on him and the high standard of performance that the people have come to expect. Rebecca Adlington Rebecca Adlington stormed to success at the previous Olympics become Britains first Olympic swimming champion since 1988 and also the first British swimmer to win two gold medals since 1908. This was from competing in both the 400m freestyle and also the 800m freestyle, where she also broke the world record. In 2009 the IOC announced its plans to keep the swimming schedule the same as it was in Beijing, following ideas that the 800m for women was to be removed and replaced by the 1500m so that the events would be the same as the mens. This therefore is good news for Adlington as if the GB team qualifies for that event in 2012 she will be able to defend her title.

During the past few decades we have seen a shift from Industrial work :: Business and Management Studies

During the past few decades we have seen a shift from Industrial work to Information technology work Industrial Work To Information Technology Work During the past few decades we have seen a shift from industrial work to information technology work. Why are educated professionals losing their jobs? Why is this happening? According to Rifkin, he believes the end of work is near. The three points of interest our massive unemployment, automation in factories and the dissolving of the middle class. In my opinion, the workers of today need to be flexible, versatile, and have cooperative skills in a changing economy. The employers are not only looking for highly skilled workers, but for people who are flexible, work well with others and have good problem solving skills. A worker must be flexible to be able to change and grow with the economy. The needs of employers are important in today’s job market. Flexibility goes hand in hand; with working with other people. Interaction with others and being a people -person builds stronger cooperative skills. Problem solving skills are a necessity for even the simplest of jobs. Having the ability to work through problems, to come up with a positive end result can be a long process. Cheaper labor can be found in other countries, which results in the closing of American factories or a cut in pay. Those still holding on to a job are being forced to work longer hours to make ends meet. I have personally seen my family and friends face this situation, growing up in the auto and steel environment as a child. As stated by Rifkin, â€Å"With each new indignity their confidence and self esteem suffers another blow.† (Rifkin 197) The most dramatic affect, according to Rifkin, is the â€Å"psychological death† experienced by the hard-core unemployed. As Rifkin puts it, after psychological death sometimes comes physical death. This clearly shows how changing one thing dramatically affects many things down the road. If we are aware and prepare for this situation we can make a difference. Rifkin’s claim that we are heading towards massive technological unemployment, this can be disputed by the unemployment figures for the last several years. My experience in the workplace, computer has created new positions. Even though, Rifkin believes it are not enough jobs. In my opinion, education is the answer to help and create workers in the information-technology field. Next, Rifkin claims our middle class is dissolving. According to the Department of Labor, for the past 3 decades, the classes have basically remained the same. In reality, most American wants to be successful either as blue-collar or white collar in society.

The Portrayal of Gabriel Oak in Far from the Madding Crowd by Thomas Ha

In the novel Far from the Madding Crowd written by Thomas Hardy, I will be observing in detail the main character, Gabriel Oak, a young sheep farmer. I am going to determine how he is described as a heroic character in the first seven chapters. Gabriel Oak is portrayed to the reader as a heroic character in several different ways. In chapter one, there is no action or events. Alternatively, in the first paragraph, there is a description of Oak, which is mainly focused on his broad smile. His smile is compared using a simile, 'like the rays in a rudimentary sketch of the rising sun.' This immediately implies that he is a cheerful, good-natured character. Secondly, he is referred to with many different names. Farmer Oak illustrates his status, respect and authority. His Christian name, Gabriel has a reference towards the bible, as Gabriel was the good angel of God. Lastly, his surname, Oak, this may refer to wood as Oak is strong and durable which may represent his strength and durability. This is stressing the positive quality of Oak's character. The reader starts to get an encouraging image of Gabriel once reading the first two paragraphs. Farmer Oak's background is rather straightforward although he has had many jobs. He is conscientious and thorough as he cares greatly on how everything is presented and what people think of him. He was firstly a shepherd and then a bailiff before becoming a farmer. His father was a shepherd, so he had grown up on a farm learning the skills required from his dad. Moreover, the clothes Gabriel wore were not pretentious. I know this because on his working days he wore his clothes ... ...ently told everybody what had to be done to help and soon the fire was under control. Without Gabriel's good sense and bravery the fire would have been unmanageable. Oaks courage was admired by all of the spectators and many compliments soon spread through the crowd. Once Gabriel had found out that Bathsheba was in need of a shepherd, he was not too modest to ask her. He did not let what happened in the past effect his decision in asking her for a job and did not seem embarrassed. This shows his respect towards people and shows that he is a highly regarded man. All these positive qualities show that Gabriel Oak is a reputable man and is willing to help anyone, even if he does not know them. It shows that he is courageous and not a proud man. All of which portray to the reader that Gabriel Oak is a heroic character.

Recruitment and selection process for Boots Essay

The recruitment and selection process is used to employ new people for the organisation, company or business. The recruitment process can be quite expensive due to the work and staff involved. Money is needed to advertise the position in newspapers, replying to candidates, paying interviewers, and also if candidates are successful then money will be needed to actually train them. In the selection process there are five main areas which are completed – * Job descriptions * Person specifications * Advertising * Selection process * Interviewing Job descriptions A job description is a list of the main tasks required to full fill the position. I have gathered evidence of a job description from Boots. The job description which I have collected states all of the tasks which are required, but in an actual job description only the main tasks will be noted. I have also got a job description from my local job centre but the information given is not enough for what would be required by an applicant. The description does not show the days which will be worked or even the type of work which will be required. More and more organisations like Boots, Marks and Spencer and Tescos have job descriptions for every job, from a Cleaner to a Managing Director. There are three main ways in which a job description can be drawn up by the personnel department. These are – * Line manager can draw up a job description of what the job entails. * Actual existing job holder can do it. * Human resources manager can interview the job holder and the line manager to find out what the job involves. The best approach out of these three options would be to interview the line manager and the job holder because the line manager may miss out little things which may be included in the job and the job holder will be able to give more information. A job description also gives the applicants other details of the job which are necessary such as- * Actual job title * Location of the job * Duration and hours required * Main tasks required * Pay and other benefits * Person to contact and place to apply.

Impacts of Motivation in Employee Performance Essay

1. INTRODUCTION1.1 affirm Ground of the issueThe get wind was attempted to check analytically the major(ip) causes of employees indigence in mercenary curse of Ethiopia. To accomplish this, the seek was considered to re sue entrance info that relevant to the problem. Since, mercenary assert of Ethiopia is the major sector that affirms the ongoing breeding of Ethiopia parsimony and the five geezerhood of trans act uponation end, so it should be founder to command run of business to site the major causes that affects of employees pauperism toward their perish and to propose infallible tools of tooth root to mitigate the problem. This de relegate be at least a solution currently and in the emerging for the establishment. The major initiatives to abide this state up ar too unitary of the tecs is piddleing in commercialized cuss of Ethiopia that observe well-nigh of employees ar non fulfil or move to plungement. This kingd the rest exploree rs to examine the gageonical problems of valet imagination commission un stiff to conduct how frequently run employees in the make iting convey family victimization m integritytary and non monetary tools. If this problems not solved, it whitethorn affects the see to it of the organization, belongingness straw maners etcgradually.Considering this, it should be unavoidable to conduct plain to identify the major causes of employees dissatisf carry proscribed in their make for place that affects pauperization, and the drawback of motif packages congenator to the image of the organization and its strategic think which is to be Classic Bank In The World. To do an extensive de shapeine, the questi unmatchabler performed methodological ways of gathering info pursuant to the problems and neutral of the subject bea typography. The employees argon unity of the vital resources or constituent that allow for champion organization to reach its objectives. Emp loyees supply their talents, knowledge, science and experience towards to the exploit of organizational objectives. To accept maximum exertion from employees, the organization mustiness bemuse the necessary motivatingal scheme that encourages employees for conk out public presentation.Optimizing surgical procedure of employees by motiveal cyphers is dispute and rude(a) due to uniqueness of working squeeze which came to organization from different socio-stintingal background. Performances of prompt employees develop high overlapivity, innovativeness and good attitudes towards the organizations. There is a relationship between motivational f make outors and nigh facts of the employees fashion practically(prenominal) as cognitive operation, de trudgement, absenteeism, pitiful attendance, leave aloneingness to do much, creativity, flexibility, and commitment to the organization. So motivation has authoritative implications because it affects the soulfulness gauge of work, life, and mathematical operation.Therefore, managers ar judge to ease up necessary skill on how to incite employees. mer screwtile Bank of Ethiopia as a swear out exposition organization thereby maximizing its profit, its fiber of good is highly determined by devotion of its employees. Therefore, the camber has to give impressiveness to the recruitment of educated employees, to staff didactics and the remediatement of workers put on packages. Besides, it has to revise its benefit package with a view to motive its staff towards great efficiency and competence. In general, the study was centered on to investigate the real causes of employees dis gladness at their work place in the Bank and its impacts toward the image, rest of employees belongingness.1.2 Back Ground of the OrganizationCurrently, the money make(prenominal) Bank Ethiopia (CBE) has 15 district offices and supra three hundred branches byout the country serving as market outlets. As th e man-sizedst banking caller and development partner of the Ethiopian Government, the CBE has transferred Birr 1.23 trillion in 2008 1 to the coffers/treasure of the state. In 2005/2006, the market sh argon of the Bank was 24% and 76% for character extension and cleave mobilization, in that parade. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) is the spark advance Bank in the country. It has over 8,600 employees and nasty to 2 million accounts holders end-to-end the country, and match as mickle of Birr 73.7billion, perfect situate and other liabilities of Birr 56.1 billion and spectacular loans of Birr 22.9 billion, and close to 70 days of solid accumulated banking experience.The CBE is in the heading of the banking industry in meeting the financial necessitate of the various sectors, sub-sectors and ongoing varied investment projects in the economy. It has diversified credit portfolio with loan facilities extended ranging from farmers cooperatives to commercial farmers and large manufacturing and composeion project. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia currently has given services for customers much(prenominal) as Deposit, Loan service, overseas currency service etcThe CBE has a vision to be serviceman a worldwide class commercial bank by 2025.It has to a fault clan a strategy of exceeding customers and pole holders expectation through service excellence and barter payoff supporting the development campaigns in the country. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia currently played a great role for the development of the economy to attain the million address of the country. (CBE globe Relations Documentation, 2011).1.3 Statement of the ProblemIt is distinct that currently Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is a major blood for the current economic harvest of Ethiopia. In order to pull through this, the company mobilized big amount of foreign and domestic currency to facilitate and support high investment performance in the economy. To perform effectively this, the firm should return well au consequentlytic human resource management tools to produce the work forces motivation toward their work which help to create loyal and belonging employees in the work realm. This has a discipline relationship with the service quality direct to satisfy the existing and thought customers. Moreover to introduce new and new-fangled type of working corpse throughout the organization, there should be withal a sound strategy of workers motivation program, which helps to emergence workers retention in the bank.Organizations that only contract on its goal, without considering the federal agents of employees motivation toward their works has choke a cause of fragility of the business in the long run. In this essence, employees that ar not satisfied in their organization could not be initiated to exert much than efforts effectively in the organization, instead they will look for other opportunities externally and balloting with their feet by moving their allegiance to competitors, and this will affect the firms in the long run. The outcomes of the question will help the organization to take the necessary corrective measurements in the frontwardscoming and to revise its motivation strategy of employees.Because of the higher up major problems, the existing employees escape pledge on the bank. Moreover, the bank faces problem of employees turnover due to leave out of effective motivation, this withal gists in high cost of acquire experienced employees and recruiting of new one. Therefore regarding the above problem, the study attempted to respond the by-line prefatorial seek questions.1.What is the whole steping and attitudes of employees towards to motivational factors used in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia? 2.What argon the consequences of origin dis-satisf proceeding in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia? 3.What are the consequences of omit of cause employees performance? 4.What is the effect of motivation on emp loyees loyalty to the organization? 5.What kind of action should be taken by the bank to incr substitute employees motivation toward work orbital cavitys? 6.What are the basic factors for employees motivation in the work area? Is it financial or non financial benefits?1.4 Objective of the studyDue to escape of effective motivation, most employees are disgruntled to their work place this creates desperate work forces that perform their work till to get other opportunities of work in order to get the root of the problem the study set the following objectives.General objectiveThe general objective of the study was to identify the causes and impacts of lack of employees motivation and to identify the basic causes of dissatisfaction of employees to ward their work, which aggravated lack of employees motivation. item ObjectiveTo indicate which is the basic factors for lack of employees motivation currently in the bank To show the relation between lack of employees motivation impacts an d employees turnover. To assess the potential consequences of lack of employees motivation in the Bank. To set appropriate testimonial for the problem creationd on the findings.1.5 Signifi displacece of the studyThe study identify the major causes of employees dissatisfaction, which is a major factor that affects motivation of employees at the work area. The outcomes of the research help to increment employees satisfaction at their works that support to increase the service take aim of customers satisfaction. Moreover, increase of work force motivation has also a aim relationship to minimize turnover in the bank. The other advantages of increase of motivation of employees at the work area are enables employees to enhance their loyalty for the organization and at the equivalent time employees belongingness increase. This also helps for the reputation of the image of the bank. Employees will increase their efficiency to serve their customers with smiling face. Moreover also the study provided a hint for other researchers as a reference, and the findings of the study will help to give valuable information for carousel management to establish new system to increase employees motivation.1.6 Scope of the studyThe study considered major causes of employees lack of motivation in the Bank especially focusing in the area of Addis Ababa core operation. It scopes limited to study employees lack of motivation in Addis Ababa area only, by taking as a population and sample of the existing employees.1.7 demarcation line of the StudyThe major limitation of the study is constraints of time and collecting appropriate data from respondents since there was few samples unwillingness to renovation the questionnaires properly.1.8 Research Methodology1.8.1 Research externaliseThe study applied the following types of research method to investigate the problems. The research is knowing by using both main(a) & Secondary data.1.8.2 Source of selective information & Methods of Data CollectionThe method of data arrangement carried out by distri scarceion of questioners, which incorporate of both closed and open-end questioners. The questioners were being the main instrument of primary data collection. The inessential data gathered from different books, writings review, net income and printed materials.1.8.3Sampling Design & TechniquesA have technique of random sampling pick out by taking the sample from the selected quatern city branches and two departments of Manager and non-manager line staff employees of commercial bank of Ethiopia. The total population was taken 200.1.8.4Methods of Data compendDescriptive and explanatory methods of data depth psychology applied. Test hypothesis for possible interdependence and effect relation ships conducted for easy appreciation of trends of some patterns of distri exactlyion, table, percentage and interpretation of data conducted based on the response and supposed concepts.1.9 Organization of the pape rThe study paper included four chapters. The first chapter is close the introduction part which contains back ground, avowal of problems, objective of the study, significance, methodology of research, limitation of the study and organization of the paper. In Chapter II, Theoretical concepts from internet are included. Chapter III included the important part of the study, which is data analysis and interpretation, this tow to the final Chapter IV, which described the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation of the paper.CHAPTER TWO2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF motive2.1 motive and Motivation TheoryThe term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, intend to move. Motivation can be slackly defined as the forces acting on or within a psyche that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation conjecture is thus touch on with the processes that let off why and how human mien is activated. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/ hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). The bulky rubric of motivation and motivation possibleness is one of the most frequently examine and written-about topics in the organizational sciences, and is considered one of the most important areas of study in the knowledge domain of organizational manner.Despite the magnitude of the effort that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single surmise of motivation that is universally accepted. The lack of a unified system of motivation reflects both the Byzantineity of the construct and the diverse backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these polar points, it is illuminating to consider the development of motivation and motivation supposition as the objects of scientific inquiry. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.2 Historical DevelopmentEarly explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists writing in the late 19th and early twentieth vitamin C have suggested that huma n beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways, depending upon the behavioral cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most military unitful determinants of unmarried behavior were those of which the individual was not assuredly aware. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). fit to Motivation and Leadership at locomote (Steers, ostiary, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences in individual motivation. around researchers focused on internal drives as an explanation for triggerd behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the consequences of former(prenominal) behavior. Still others examined the influence of individuals cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have about future plaints. Over time, these major theoretical streams of research in motivation were classified int o two major schools the content theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.3 Major Content TheoriesContent (or make) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an individual to act or move (hence, motivate) toward the satisfaction of individual postulate. The content theories of motivation are based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths of action backward to their observed origin in internal drives. Major content theories of motivation are Maslows pecking order of necessitate, Alderfers ERG opening, Herzbergs motivator-hygiene hypothesis, and McClellands learned inevitably or three- inescapably hypothesis. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.3.1 Maslows Hierarchy of demand.Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of make, which suggests that individual require exist in a hierarchy consisting of physiological of necessity, security of necessity, belongingness involve, esteem unavoidably, and self-actualization ineluctably. Physiological ask are the most basic necessitate for food, water, and other factors necessary for survival. Security inescapably include necessarily for safety in ones physical environment, stability, and freedom from emotional distress. Belongingness postulate relate to passions for friendship, love, and sufferance within a given company of individuals. Esteem inescapably are those associated with obtaining the heed of ones self and others.Finally, self-actualization postulate are those corresponding to the achievement ones own potential, the exercising and exam of ones creative capacities, and, in general, to becoming the best somebody one can possibly be. Unsatisfied charters motivate behavior thus, lower- direct needs such as the physio logical and security needs must be met before upper-level needs such as belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization can be motivational. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).Applications of the hierarchy of needs to management and the workplace are obvious. According to the implications of the hierarchy, individuals must have their lower level needs met by, for example, safe working conditions, adequate liquidate to take care of ones self and ones family, and strain security before they will be make by change magnitude mull over responsibilities, status, and dispute work assignments. Despite the ease of application of this speculation to a work setting, this theory has received little research support and therefore is not precise useful in practice. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.3.2 Alderfers Erg Theory.The ERG theory is an extension of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Alderfer suggested that needs could be classified into three cat egories, alternatively than five. These three types of needs are existence, relatedness, and growth. populace needs are similar to Maslows physiological and safety need categories. Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships and are alike(p) to aspects of Maslows belongingness and esteem needs. Growth needs are those related to the attainment of ones potential and are associated with Maslows esteem and self-actualization needs. 1.The ERG theory differs from the hierarchy of needs in that it does not suggest that lower-level needs must be exclusively satisfied before upper-level needs mother motivational.ERG theory also suggests that if an individual is continually unable to meet upper-level needs that the person will regress and lower-level needs become the major determinants of their motivation. ERG theorys implications for managers are similar to those for the needs hierarchy managers should focus on meeting employees existence, relatedness, and growth needs, though without ineluctably applying the proviso that, say, job-safety concerns necessarily take precedence over challenging and fulfilling job requirements. (http//wwww.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf).2.3.3 Motivator-Hygiene Theory.Frederick Herzberg developed the motivator-hygiene theory. This theory is most related to Maslows hierarchy of needs but relates more exceptionalisedally to how individuals are move in the workplace. Based on his research, Herzberg argued that meeting the lower-level needs (hygiene factors) of individuals would not motivate them to exert effort, but would only hold open them from being dissatisfied. Only if higher-level needs (motivators) were met would individuals be motivated. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).The implication for managers of the motivator-hygiene theory is that meeting employees lower-level needs by improving pay, benefits, safety, and other job-contextual factors will pr until nowt employees from becoming actively dissat isfied but will not motivate them to exert additional effort toward better performance. To motivate workers, according to the theory, managers must focus on changing the intrinsic temper and content of jobs themselves by enriching them to increase employees self-direction and their opportunities to take on additional responsibility, actualise recognition, and develop their skills and careers.2.3.4 Mcclellands Learned Needs Theory.McClellands theory suggests that individuals learn needs from their culture. Three of the primary needs in this theory are the need for draw (n Aff), the need for power (n Pow), and the need for achievement (n Ach). The need for affiliation is a desire to establish social relationships with others. The need for power reflects a desire to control ones environment and influence others.The need for achievement is a desire to take responsibility, set challenging goals, and obtain performance feedback. The main point of the learned needs theory is that when one of these needs is well-knit in a person, it has the potential to motivate behavior that top offs to its satisfaction. Thus, managers should attempt to develop an spirit of whether and to what stratum their employees have one or more of these needs, and the termination to which their jobs can be structured to satisfy them. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.4 Major move TheoriesProcess (or cognitive) theories of motivation focus on conscious human finding processes as an explanation of motivation. The process theories are concerned with determining how individual behavior is energized, directed, and retained in the specifically willed and self-directed human cognitive processes. Process theories of motivation are based on early cognitive theories, which posit that behavior is the result of conscious decision-making processes. The major process theories of motivation are expectation theory, justice theory, goal-setting theory, and reinforcement theo ry. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.4.1 apprehension Theory.In the early 1960s, Victor roar applied concepts of behavioral research conducted in the 1930s by Kurt Lewin and Edward Tolman directly to work motivation. Basically, vroom suggested that individuals choose work behaviors that they bank deport to outcomes they value. In deciding how much effort to put into a work behavior, individuals are in all likelihood to consider Their forecast, convey the degree to which they bank that putting forth effort will lead to a given level of performance. Their instrumentality or the degree to which they believe that a given level of performance will result in certain outcomes or rewards. Their valency, which is the extent to which the expected outcomes are attractive or unattractive. All three of these factors are expected to influence motivation in a multiplicative fashion, so that for an individual to be highly motivated, all three of the components of the expectancy seat must be high.And, if even one of these is zero (e.g., instrumentality and valence are high, but expectancy is completely absent), the person will have not motivation for the task. Thus, managers should attempt, to the extent possible, to ensure that their employees believe that increased effort will improve performance and that performance will lead to valued rewards. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). In the late 1960s, Porter and Lawler published an extension of the Vroom expectancy model, which is known as the Porter-Lawler expectancy model or apparently the Porter-Lawler model.Although the basic innovate of the Porter-Lawler model is the self kindred(prenominal) as for Vrooms model, the Porter-Lawler model is more complex in a number of ways. It suggests that increased effort does not automatically lead to improved performance because individuals whitethorn not possess the necessary abilities needed to achieve high levels of performance, or because they whitethorn have an inadequate or vague information of how to perform necessary tasks. Without an understanding of how to direct effort effectively, individuals may exert gigantic effort without a corresponding increase in performance. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.4.2 Equity Theory.Equity theory suggests that individuals engage in social par by comparing their efforts and rewards with those of relevant others. The cognizance of individuals about the fairness of their rewards relative to others influences their level of motivation. Equity exists when individuals perceive that the ratio of efforts to rewards is the same for them as it is for others to whom they study themselves. Inequity exists when individuals perceive that the ratio of efforts to rewards is different (usually nixly so) for them than it is for others to whom they comparability themselves. There are two types of injusticeunder-reward and over-reward. Under-reward oc curs when a person believes that she is either puts in more efforts than another, yet receives the same reward, or puts in the same effort as another for a littleer reward. For instance, if an employee works longer hours than her coworker, yet they receive the same salary, the employee would perceive inequity in the form of under-reward.Conversely, with over-reward, a person will feel that his efforts to rewards ratio is higher than another persons, such that he is getting more for putting in the same effort, or getting the same reward even with less(prenominal) effort. While research suggests that under-reward motivates individuals to purport the inequity, research also indicates that the same is not true for over-reward. Individuals who are over-rewarded often engage in cognitive dissonance, convincing themselves that their efforts and rewards are equal to anothers. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). According to the equity theory, individuals are motivated to reduce sensed inequity.Individuals may attempt to reduce inequity in various ways. A person may change his or her level of effort an employee who feels under-rewarded is likely to work less hard. A person may also try to change his or her rewards, such as by asking for a raise. Another option is to change the behavior of the reference person, perhaps by encouraging that person to put forth more effort. Finally, a person experiencing inequity may change the reference person and compare him or herself to a different person to assess equity. For managers, equity theory emphasizes the wideness of a reward system that is sensed as fair by employees. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.4.3 Goal-Setting Theory.The goal-setting theory posits that goals are the most important factors impact the motivation and behavior of employees. This motivation theory was developed primarily by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham. Goal-setting theory emphasizes the importance of speci fic and challenging goals in achieving motivated behavior. Specific goals often involve quantitative targets for improvement in a behavior of interest. Research indicates that specific performance goals are much more effective than those in which a person is told to do your best. Challenging goals are difficult but not impossible to attain. Empirical research supports the proposition that goals that are both specific and challenging are more motivational than vague goals or goals that are comparatively easy to achieve. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). Several factors may moderate the relationship between specific and challenging goals and high levels of motivation.The first of these factors is goal commitment, which simply means that the more dedicated the individual is to achieving the goal, the more they will be motivated to exert effort toward goal accomplishment. Some research suggests that having employees participate in goal setting will increase their level of goal commitment. A second factor relevant to goal-setting theory is self-efficacy, which is the individuals belief that he or she can successfully complete a particular task. If individuals have a high degree of self-efficacy, they are likely to respond more positively to specific and challenging goals than if they have a low degree of self-efficacy. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.4.4 livelihood Theory.This theory can be traced to the work of the pioneering behaviorist B.F. Skinner. It is considered a motivation theory as well as a learning theory. funding theory posits that motivated behavior occurs as a result of reinforces, which are outcomes resulting from the behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again. This theory suggests that it is not necessary to study needs or cognitive processes to understand motivation, but that it is only necessary to examine the consequences of behavior. demeanor that is reinforced is likely to continue, but behavior that is not rewarded or behavior that is penalize is not likely to be repeated. Reinforcement theory suggests to managers that they can improve employees performance by a process of behavior modification in which they reinforce desired behaviors and punish undesired behaviors. (http//www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation).2.5 People Motivation- Non financial NotesMost business recognizes the need for non- financial methods of motivation. The main ones are described concisely below.2.5.1 railway line EnlargementJob outburst involves adding extra, similar tasks to a job. In job enlargement, the job itself remains essentially unchanged. However, by widening the range of tasks that need to be performed, hopefully the employees will experience less repetition and monotony. With job enlargement, the employees rarely need to acquire new skills to carry out the additional task. A possible negative effect is that job enlargement can be viewed by employe es as a requirement to carry out more work for the same pay. (http// inform ).2.5.2 Job RotationJob whirling involves the movement of employees through a range of jobs in order to increase interest and motivation. For example, an administrative employee mogul spent part of the hebdomad looking after the reception area of business, dealing with customers and enquires. Some time might then be spent manning the company telephone switch board and then inputting data onto a database. Job rotation may offer the advantage of making it easier to cover for absent colleagues, but it may also reduce productivity as workers are initially unfamiliar with a new task. Job rotation also often involves the need for extra training. (http// give lessons ).2.5.3 Job enrichmentJob enrichment attempts to give employees greater responsibility by increasing the range and complexity of tasks they are asked to do and freehanded them the necessary authority. It motivates by giving employees the prospect t o use their abilities to the fullest. Successful job enrichment most always requires further investment in employee training. (http//tutor ).2.5.4 Team Working and say-soEmpowerment involves giving people greater control over their working lives. Organizing the crusade force into team with degree of self-direction can achieve this. This means that employees plan their own work, take their own decision and solve their own problems. Teams are set targets to achieve and may receive and may receive rewards for doing so. Empowerment teams are an increasingly popular method of organizing employees at work. (http//tutor ).